india states and capitals

States and Capitals of India

S.no	State	Capital
1	Andhra Pradesh	Hyderabad
2	Arunachal Pradesh	Itanagar
3	Assam	Dispur
4	Bihar	Patna
5	Chhattisgarh	Raipur
6	Goa	Panaji
7	Gujarat	Gandhinagar
8	Haryana	Chandigarh
9	Himachal Pradesh	Shimla
10	Jammu and Kashmir	Srinagar (summer), Jammu (winter)
11	Jharkhand	Ranchi
12	Karnataka	Bengaluru
13	Kerala	Thiruvananthapuram
14	Madhya Pradesh	Bhopal
15	Maharashtra	Mumbai
16	Manipur	Imphal
17	Meghalaya	Shillong
18	Mizoram	Aizawl
19	Nagaland	Kohima
20	Orissa	Bhubaneswar
21	Punjab	Chandigarh
22	Rajasthan	Jaipur
23	Sikkim	Gangtok
24	Tamil Nadu	Chennai
25	Tripura	Agartala
26	Uttar Pradesh	Lucknow
27	Uttarakhand	Dehradun
28	West Bengal	Kolkata
S.no	Union Territories	Capital
1	Andaman and Nicobar Islands	Port Blair
2	Chandigarh	Chandigarh
3	Dadar and Nagar Haveli	Silvassa
4	Daman and Diu	Daman
5	Delhi	Delhi
6	Lakshadweep	Kavaratti
7	Pondicherry	Pondicherry

Indian Map with States

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44 Rivers of Kerala

                   There are 44 major rivers in Kerala of which 41 are west flowing and 3 east flowing. All these rivers originate from the Sahyadri hills. Periyar is the longest river in Kerala followed by Bharathapuzha and Pampa. Here is the complete list of all the 44 rivers of Kerala showing the direction of their flow, place of origin, major tributaries and distributaries and the length of each river.

West flowing 41 rivers and its branches

1. Periyar River (244) Edamala ,Cheruthoni ,Mullayar ,Muthirapuzha ,Perinjankutti River
2. Bharatapuzha River (209),Thuthapuzha,Gayathripuzha ,Kalpathipuzha, Kannadipuzha River
3. Pamba River (176), Azhuthayar, Kakkiyar,Kakkattar, Kallar,Perunthenaruvi,
        Madatharuvi, Thanungattilthodu, Kozhithodu,Varattar,Kuttemperoor
4. Chaliyar River (169)
5. Chalakudy River (169),Parambikulam River
6. Kadalundy River (130)
7. Achankoil River (128)
8. Kallada River (121)
9. Muvattupuzha River (121)
10. Valapattanam River (110)
11. Chandragiri River (105)
12. Manimala River (90)
13. Vamanapuram River (88)
14. Kuppam River (88)
15. Meenachil River (78)
16. Kuttiyadi River (74)
17. Karamana River (68)
18. Shiriya River (68)
19. Kariangode River (64)
20. Ithikkara River (56)
21. Neyyar River (56)
22. Mahé River (54)
23. Keecheri River (51)
24. Perumba River (51)
25. Uppala River (50)
26. Karuvanoor River (48),Kurumali River
27. Anjarakkandi River (48)
28. Tirur River (48)
29. Neeleshwaram River (46)
30. Pallikkal River (42)
31. Kallayi River (40)
32. Korapuzha River (40)
33. Mogral River (34)
34. Kavvayi River (31)
35. Thanikkudam River (29)
36. Mamam River (27)
37. Thalassery River (28)
38. Chittary River (25)
39. Ramapuram River (19)
40. Ayiroor River (17)
41. Bangra Manjeswara River (16)

East flowing rivers

There are three rivers rise in Kerala and flows eastwards in this Kabini River into Karnataka State and the other two into Tamil Nadu State.
1. Kabani (58)
2. Bhavani (45)
3. Pambar (29)

List of nuclear weapons Of Countries

           This is a list of nuclear weapons listed according to country of origin, and then by type within the states.

View  List of nuclear weapons

Nuclear Testing and Weapons in India

                India’s nuclear program had its inception in March 1944 by Dr. Homi Bhabha when he founded the nuclear research center, the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Mumbai. Homi Bhabha conceived the three-stage nuclear program as a way to develop India’s nuclear energy by working around India’s limited uranium resources. Here is a list about 30 Important Facts on Indian Nuclear Program.

               India is believed to possess between 90-110 nuclear weapons (March 2010 estimate). The specifications of its weapon production are not disclosed to the public.

View India and weapons of mass destruction

Deputy Presiding Officers (Speakers) Since 1957

1. Smt. K.O. Aysha Bai------------------May 6, 1957-- July 31, 1959
2. Smt. A. Nafeesath Beevi ------------March 15, 1960 --Sept 10, 1964
3. Shri. M.P. Mohammed Jafferkhan ---March 20, 1967-- June 26, 1970
4. Shri. R.S. Unni ------------------------Oct 30, 1970-- March 22, 1977
5. Shri. P.K. Gopalakrishnan -----------July 6, 1977 --Oct 23, 1979
6. Shri. M.J. Zakaria --------------------Feb 21, 1980-- Feb 1, 1982
7. Shri. K.M. Hamsakunju --------------June 30, 1982-- Oct 7, 1986
8. Shri. Korambayil Ahammed Haji ----Oct 20, 1986-- March 25, 1987
9. Smt. Bhargavi Thankappan ---------April 2, 1987-- April 5, 1991
10. Shri. K. Narayanan Kurup ----------July 19, 1991-- May 14, 1996
11. Shri. C.A. Kurian --------------------July 17, 1996 --May 16, 2001
12. Shri. N. Sundaran Nadar -----------July 4, 2001--May 12,2006

13. Shri. Jose Baby---------------------June 20, 2006 - May 14, 2011

14. Shri N. Sakthan  -------------------June 28,2011 -

Presiding Officers (Speakers) Since 1957 (Kerala Niyamasabha)

1. Shri. R. Sankaranarayanan Thampi --April 27, 1957-- July 31, 1959
2. Shri. K.M. Seethi Sahib ---------------March 12, 1960-- April 17, 1961
3. Shri. C.H. Mohammed Koya ----------June 9, 1961-- Nov 10, 1961
4. Shri. Alexander Parambithara --------Dec 13, 1961-- Sept 10, 1964
5. Shri. D. Damodaran Potti ------------March 15, 1967-- Oct 21, 1970
6. Shri. K. Moideenkutty Haji -----------Oct 22, 1970 -- May 8, 1975
7. Shri. T.S. John -------------------------Feb 17, 1976-- March 25, 1977
8. Shri. Chakkeeri Ahamedkutty --------March 28, 1977-- Feb 14, 1980
9. Shri. A.P. Kurian ------------------------Feb 15, 1980-- Feb 1, 1982
10. Shri. A.C. Jose ------------------------Feb 3, 1982-- June 23, 1982
11. Shri. Vakkom B. Purushothaman ---June 24, 1982-- Dec 28, 1984
12. Shri. V.M. Sudheeran ----------------March 8, 1985-- March 27, 1987
13. Shri. Varkala Radhakrishnan --------March 30, 1987-- June 28, 1991
14. Shri. P.P. Thankachan ----------------July 1, 1991-- May 3, 1995
15. Shri. Therambil Ramakrishnan -----June 27, 1995-- May 28, 1996
16. Shri. M. Vijayakumar ----------------May 30, 1996-- June 5, 2001
17. Shri. Vakkom B. Purushothaman ---June 6, 2001-- Sept 4, 2004
18. Shri. Therambil Ramakrishnan ------Sept 16,2004--May 24, 2006
19. Shri K.Radhakrishnan-----------------May 25, 2006 - May 31, 2011
20. Shri G. Karthikeyan-------------------June 02, 2011 - 

Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha

                       The Rajya Sabha (RS) or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Rajya means "state" and Sabha means "assembly" in Sanskrit. Membership is limited to 250 members, 12 of whom are nominated by the President of India for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. The remainder of the body is elected by the state and territorial legislatures. Members sit for six-year terms, with one third of the members retiring every two years.

View Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha

Speakers of lok Sabha

                 The Speaker is the presiding officer of the lower house(Lok Sabha) of Parliament of India. His/her role is similar to that of Speakers elsewhere in other countries that use the Westminster system of government.

                The speaker is elected in the very first meeting of the Lok Sabha after the general elections for a term of 5 years from amongst the members of the Lok Sabha.

View list of speakers of lok sabha

Padma Shri

                     Padma Shri (also Padmashree) is the fourth highest civilian award in the Republic of India, after the Bharat Ratna, the Padma Vibhushan and the Padma Bhushan. It is awarded by the Government of India.
It is awarded to citizens of India to recognize their distinguished contribution in various spheres of activity including the Arts, Education, Industry, Literature, Science, Sports, Medicine, Social Service and Public Affairs. However it has also been awarded to some distinguished individuals who were not citizens of India and who did contribute in various ways to India.

• Padma Shri Awards (1954–1959)
• Padma Shri Awards (1960–1969)
• Padma Shri Awards (1970–1979)
• Padma Shri Awards (1980–1989)
• Padma Shri Awards (1990–1999)
• Padma Shri Awards (2000–2009)
• Padma Shri Awards (2010–2019)

List of Chief Justices of India

                     

                     The Chief Justice of India is the highest-ranking judge in the Supreme Court of India, and thus holds the highest judicial position in India. As well as presiding in the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also heads its administrative functions.Since the birth of the Republic of India on 26 January 1950, 40 people have served as the the Chief Justice of India (CJI). While H. J. Kania is the inaugural CJI, the current incumbent is P. Sathasivam who has served since July 2013.

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KERALA LEGISLATURE - CHIEF MINISTERS

                     The Government of India's 1 November 1956 States Reorganisation Act inaugurated the new Kerala state, incorporating Malabar District, Travancore-Cochin (excluding 4 southern Taluks which were merged with Tamil Nadu), and the taluk of Kasaragod, South Kanara. A new Legislative Assembly was also created, for which elections were held in 1957. These resulted in a communist-led government world's first democratically-elected — headed by E.M.S. Namboodiripad.

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Presidents of India

                       

                       The President of India is the head of state and first citizen of India. The President is also the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces.[1] Although the president is vested such powers by the constitution of India, the position is largely a ceremonial role and the executive powers are de facto exercised by the Cabinet Ministers and Prime Minister.[2] The post of President is known in Hindi as Rashtrapati, a Sanskrit neologism meaning "lord of the realm". The President is elected by the Electoral College composed of elected members of the parliament houses, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, and also members of the Vidhan Sabha, the state legislative assemblies.

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Indian Prime Ministers (1947 to 2013)

                  The Prime Minister of India is the political leader of the country and the principal head of government of the Republic of India. As addressed to in the Constitution of India, the prime minister is the chief of government, chief advisor to the president, head of the Council of Ministers and the leader of the majority party in parliament.

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Pen Names of Malayalam Writers

                         There are several Kerala Malayalam writers who write under their pen name(nick name).The most commonly asked malayalam writers pen names by kerala psc exams.

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General Formulas ( Problems on Trains)

• x km/hr = x×518 m/s 


• y m/s = y×185 km/hr 


• Speed = distance/time
  s = d/t


• velocity = displacement/time
  v = d/t


• Time taken by a train x meters long to pass a pole or standing man or a post
  = Time taken by the train to travel x meters.


• Time taken by a train x meters long to pass an object of length y meters
  = Time taken by the train to travel (x + y) metres.


• Suppose two trains or two objects are moving in the same direction at v1 m/s and v2 m/s where v1 > v2,
  then their relative speed = (v1 – v2) m/s


• Suppose two trains or two objects are moving in opposite directions at v1 m/s and v2 m/s ,
  then their relative speed = (v1+ v2) m/s


• Assume two trains of length x metres and y metres are moving in opposite directions at v1 m/s and v2 m/s, Then
  The time taken by the trains to cross each other = (x+y) / (v1+v2) seconds


• Assume two trains of length x metres and y metres are moving in the same direction at at v1 m/s and v2 m/s where v1 > v2, Then
  The time taken by the faster train to cross the slower train = (x+y) / (v1-v2) seconds


• Assume that two trains (objects) start from two points P and Q towards each other at the same time and after crossing they take p and q seconds to reach Q and P respectively. Then,
  
  
  A's speed: B's speed = q√:p√
  
  

Important Years

Important Years  View >>

Important Days

Important Days       Views

Jnanpith Award

                 The Jnanpith Award is given for the best creative literary writing by any Indian citizens in any of the languages included in the VIII Schedule of the Indian Constitution. The award carries a cash price of Rs.2.5 lakh, a citation and a bronze replica of Vagdevi.

                The Jnanpith Award was instituted on May 22, 1961 The first award was given in 1965. So far, 40 eminent writers have received the award in 32 years. On two occasions, the award was given to Kannada writers six times, five times each to Hindi and Bengali writers, four times to Malayalam, thrice to Oriya, twice each to Gujarati, Marathi, Telugu and Urdu, and one each to Assamese, Punjabi and Tamil writers.

Jnanpith Award   Download >>

About Sahitya Akademi Awards

                Every year since its inception in 1954, the Sahitya Akademi Award prizes to the most outstanding books of literary merit published in any of the major Indian languages recognised by the Akademy. The award amount, which was Rs.5,000 since inception, had been enhanced to Rs.10,000 from 1983, Rs.25,000 from 1988, Rs.40,000 from 2001, Rs.50,000 from 2003 and is now Rs.1,00,000 from 2009. The first Awards were given in 1955.

Sahitya Academy Award in Malayalam    Download >>

Sahitya Academy Award in Assamese     Download >>

2007 Microsoft Office Add-in: Microsoft Save as PDF

                This download allows you to export and save to the PDF format in eight 2007 Microsoft Office programs. It also allows you to send files as e-mail attachments in the PDF format in a subset of these programs.

Download >>

Boot Dos from USB

                Creating a DOS Bootable USB Flash drive to "Boot DOS from USB".a tool called Rufus.Rufus can also be used to create a Bootable USB version of a given distro from an ISO File.

Install application      Download >> Rufus

1) Select usb Device.

2) Select filesystem to FAT32

3) select Create a DOS bootable disk

4) Click start and enjoy.........




     more details  link

Multi OS are boot from pendrive

               YUMI - Multiboot USB Creator  is used to Multiboot ISOs.It can be used to create a Multiboot USB Flash Drive containing multiple operating systems, antivirus utilities, disc cloning, diagnostic tools, and more.

               YUMI uses syslinux to boot extracted distributions stored on the USB device, and reverts to using grub to Boot Multiple ISO files from USB, if necessary.

Download >>  YUMI - Multiboot USB Creator (Windows)    

more details link          

vim command examples

• Go to the 143rd line of file

        eg:  $ vim +120 filename.txt

• Go to the first match of the specified

        eg:  $vim +/search-term filename.txt

• Open the file in read only mode

        eg:  $ vim -R /etc/passwd

vim install in Windows

Download Vim for Windows

Download >>   gvim72.exe  directly.

Configure gVim

• On UNIX platform Vim configuration file is called .vimrc

• On Windows platform the vim configuration file is called _vimrc

• _vimrc file is located under $HOME/_vimrc. For example: C:\Documents and Settings\ramesh\_vimrc

• Please note there is a _ (underscore) before vimrc on Windows platform

Vim (text editor)

                  Vim is a text editor written by Bram Moolenaar and first released publicly in 1991. It based on the vi editor common to unix-like systems. Vim is designed for use both from a command line interface and as a standalone application in a graphical user interface. Vim is free and open source software. The license is compatible with the GNU General Public License.

                    Vim has since been developed to be cross-platform, supporting many other platforms. In 2006, it was voted the most popular editor amongst Linux Journal readers.
There are two modes in vim. One is the command mode and another is the insert mode.

1) In the command mode, user can move around the file, delete text, etc.
2) In the insert mode, user can insert text.

Changing mode from one to another

From insert mode to command mode type Esc (escape key) and type a/A/i/I/o/O  or insert key( see details below)

Some useful commands for VIM

  Text Entry Commands (Used to start text entry)

• a   Append text following current cursor position
• A   Append text to the end of current line
• i   Insert text before the current cursor position
• I   Insert text at the beginning of the cursor line
• o  Open up a new line following the current line and add text there
• O  Open up a new line in front of the current line and add text there

The following commands are used only in the commands mode.

• h Moves the cursor one character to the left
• l  Moves the cursor one character to the right
• k Moves the cursor up one line
• j Moves the cursor down one line
• nG or :n  Cursor goes to the specified (n) line

(ex. 10G goes to line 10)

• ^F (CTRl F)  Forward screenful
• ^B Backward screenful
• ^f One page forward
• ^b One page backward
• ^U Up half screenful
• ^D Down half screenful
• $ Move cursor to the end of current line
• 0 (zero) Move cursor to the beginning of current line
• w Forward one word
• b Backward one word

Exit Commands

• :wq  Write file to disk and quit the editor
• :q!   Quit (no warning)
• :q  Quit (a warning is printed if a modified file has not been saved)
• ZZ Save workspace and quit the editor (same as :wq)
• : 10,25 w temp   write lines 10 through 25 into file named temp. Of course, other line numbers can be used. (Use :f to find out the line numbers you want.

 Text Deletion Commands

• x  Delete character
• dw Delete word from cursor on
• db Delete word backward
• dd Delete line
• d$ Delete to end of line
• d^  (d caret, not CTRL d) Delete to beginning of line
• Yank (has most of the options of delete)-- VI's copy commmand
• yy  yank current line
• y$ yank to end of current line from cursor
• yw yank from cursor to end of current word
• 5yy yank, for example, 5 lines
• Paste (used after delete or yank to recover lines.)
• p paste below cursor
• P paste above cursor
• "2p paste from buffer 2 (there are 9)
• u Undo last change
• U Restore line
• J  Join next line down to the end of the current line

File Manipulation Commands

• :w  Write workspace to original file
• :w file  Write workspace to named file
• :e file  Start editing a new file
• :r file  Read contents of a file to the workspace

To create a page break, while in the insert mode, press the CTRL key
And l. ^L will appear in your text and will cause the printer to start
A new page.

 Other Useful Commands
Most commands can be repeated n times by typing a number, n, before the command. For example 10dd means delete 10 lines.
. Repeat last command
cw Change current word to a new word

• r Replace one character at the cursor position
• R Begin overstrike or replace mode – use ESC key to exit
• :/ pattern Search forward for the pattern
• :? pattern Search backward for the pattern
• n (used after either of the 2 search commands above to continue to find next occurrence of the pattern.
• :g/pat1/s//pat2/g replace every occurrence of pattern1 (pat1) with pat2

Example :g/tIO/s//Ada.Text_IO/g
This will find and replace tIO by Ada.text_IO everywhere in the file.

• :g/a/s// /g replace the letter a, by blank
• :g/a/s///g replace a by nothing

note: Even this command be undone by u

Examples

Opening a New File
Step 1 type vim filename (create a file named filename)
Step 2 type i ( switch to insert mode)
Step 3 enter text (enter your  program)
Step 4 hit Esc key (switch back to command mode)
Step 5 type :wq (write file and exit vim)

 Editing the Existing File
Step 1 type vim filename (edit the existing file named filename)
Step 2 move around the file using h/j/k/l key or any appropriate command
h Moves the cursor one character to the left
l Moves the cursor one character to the right
k Moves the cursor up one line
j Moves the cursor down one line
nG or :n Cursor goes to the specified (n) line
(ex. 10G goes to line 10)
Step 3 edit required text (replace or delete or insert)
Step 4 hit Esc key (exit from insert mode if you insert or replace text)
Step 5 type :wq

install in Linux

in cent os
yum install vim

in Ubuntu
apt-get install vim

currency of countries

Currency of countries    Download >>

        

Scrub Browser Cache

           If you don't want your temporary files hanging around, you can instruct IE to delete them automatically every time you exit the browser.
 Go to Tools > Internet Options and open the Advanced tab. Scroll down to the Security section, then click the checkbox next to "Empty Temporary Internet Files folder when browser is closed."

Disable Plug-ins in Internet Explorer

            If IE runs too slowly, or if it freezes up on you a lot, try disabling some of its preinstalled add-ons. 
Click Tools > Manage Add-ons > Enable or Disable Add-ons to see which add-ons are enabled. 
           Select an add-on you don't want preinstalled, then click the Disable radio button under Settings to deactivate it.

Simple tips

1.Switch to welcome screen

Press Win+L to switch to the Welcome screen.

2.Lock your workstation

Press Win+L to lock your workstation.

3.Switch user easly

You can switch users without going through the Welcome screen: From Task Manager, go to the Users tab, right-click a user, and select Connect.

4.Hibrernate computer

Hold down the shift key in the shutdown dialog to change "Stand By" to "Hibernate". Or just press H to hibernate instantly. You can even use the Power Control Panel to configure your power button to hibernate.

5.Disable password when resuming stanby

To disable the password when resuming from standby or hibernation, open the Power Control Panel and uncheck "Prompt for password after returning from standby" on the Advanced tab.

6.Shut down via Remote Desktop

To shut down via Remote Desktop, click the Start button, then type Alt+F4. 

Restrict folder access in Group Policy Editor

               In Group Policy Editor you can restrict folder access by disabling Simple File Sharing and then right-clicking the folder you would like to protect and selecting 'Properties'. Move to the 'Security' tab and you're ready to restrict folder access.

            Now 'Add' and then select the user you would like to restrict. Tick the top box in the 'Deny' column to prevent the selected user from accessing, viewing or modifying the files in the folder you selected.

Disable autorun for discs

                Put a disc in your CD/DVD drive and you'll notice an appreciable lag as it spins up, even if you're not just about to use it. If you don't always need your CDs and DVDs to launch automatically when you insert them, the needless spinning up of the discs can slow your machine down.

You can disable CD autorun by modifying this registry key:

'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Cdrom'. Double-click the 'AutoRun Dword' value and set it to '0'. Change it to '1' to restore it.

Edit your drive names

                If you've split your hard drive into two or more partitions, renaming drives can make them easier to identify. Partitions enable you to store groups of data separately from each other on your computer - effectively like having multiple hard drives. Simply right-click a hard drive partition in My Computer, select Properties, and enter a new label.

Make custom icons

         

           If you decide to make your own custom icons, there are a few things to be aware of. First, they come in different sizes according to where they are displayed, such as the desktop, the Start menu, Folders, Drives, and so on.

         Icons are measured in pixels, and the three sizes used on Windows XP are 16 x 16, 32 x 32 and 48 x 48. Second, icons use a 32-bit palette, enabling you to use any colour that the eye can detect.

         In the past, icons were either opaque (solid), or completely transparent, making them appear as sharp-edged cutouts on the screen. Now, they can gently fade into the background, and you can create subtle shadow effects.

         Finally, the default Windows icons are packaged and encoded into the shell32.dll, and many program icons are similarly hard-coded. If you choose to replace these icons, you can either select any of the default icons, or you can add icons you've downloaded from the internet or created yourself in an image editor or icon creator. Individual icons have the ICO file extension, while icon groups have the ICL extension.